Overhead Transmissions Lines (OTL) are outdoor systems, which can easily be affected by weather fluctuation. In the worst-case scenario, temperature variation, horizontal wind and vertical ice-loading make the value of sag, tension and conductor (cable) length to vary between low to high extremes. The temperature and cable length variations have an effect on the resistance of the OTL. This variation leads to a variable voltage drop, which is mostly considered with load variation. In order to calculate resultant loading, sag, tension, cable length and resistances of an OTL, an uncertainty model based on Standard Affine Arithmetic (SAA) is proposed and the result is compared with the probabilistic Monte Carlo (MC) and Interval Arithmetic (IA) approaches. Based on the test results, the SAA based algorithm gives slightly conservative bound than the IA and MC approaches.

The depletion of fossil fuel is driving the world towards the application of renewable energy sources. However, their intermittent nature, in addition to load variation and transmission line sag-tension change due to temperature, is a great deal of problems for reliable power delivery. Without a reliable power delivery, power generation is just a waste of resources. A reliable power delivery can be achieved when the best and the worst case steady state information of a power system network is known to plan and control accordingly. If a system is affected by the presence of uncertainty, a deterministic load flow analysis fails to provide the worst-case load flow result in a single analysis. As a result, a load flow analysis considering the presence of uncertainty is mandatory. On this paper, a novel complex affine arithmetic (AA) based load flow analysis in the presence of generation and load uncertainties is proposed. The proposed approach is tested on an IEEE bus systems and compared with Monte Carlo approach. The proposed approach convergence faster than the Monte Carlo based method and it is slightly conservative.

This paper is concentrated on comparison of rectangular patch antenna with different ground plane dimensions i.e. short edge, double ground, triple ground in terms of Bandwidth, Gain, Directivity, VSWR, Reflection coefficient and efficiency performance. The finite ground plane gives rise to diffraction of radiation from the edges of ground plane resulting in modifying of radiation conductance, radiation pattern, and resonant frequency. The substrate used is Flame Retardant-4epoxy having dielectric constant of 4.4 and dielectric tangent loss of 0.02. The patch antenna is provided by inset feed line. The design was optimized to obtain the most suitable configuration in terms of desired values of reflection coefficient, bandwidth and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) for antenna with and without modifying on ground plane. These antennas are suitable for WLAN Applications. In this observation, the paper calls for an attention that, the cachet is an amelioration of the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) Band patch antenna is simulated and analysed using HFSS 13.0 and fabricated by photo lithography. The proposed antenna is tested using VNA E5071C.As a result it can be also observed in being when the size of ground plane is increased, the ripples in the main pattern diminishes.