An election is a formal procedure through which a group of individuals decides on an individual or multiple individual to be in a position of authority using mechanical, paper-based and electronic methods. Despite the measures to secure the voting systems from fraudulent activities among corrupt politicians and election officers, attackers have been compromising the security measures thereby, providing illegitimate opportunities for unwanted contestants to win elections. This research was on the development of an electronic voting system using fingerprint and visual semagram techniques. The proposed e-voting model had six modules for effectiveness in the e-voting system. It was implemented using Java in Android Studio and C-Sharp (C#) in Microsoft Visual Studio, and was tested in an official deanship election of five faculties in a tertiary institution. Every illegible staff was enrolled and presented with a voter identification number (VIN) card. The voter's fingerprint and VIN were the fundamental credentials required for authentication and to poll a legitimate vote to a preferred contestant at a designated polling centre. The sensitive results were firstly encrypted and secondly concealed in an image to produce "Vimago" using the visual semagram technique. The "Vimago" was subjected to steganalysis and concealed results were not detected. An Equal Error Rate of 0.0019, a sensitivity of 0.9962 and an accuracy of 99.81% were obtained from the experiment. Based on the experimental results, the proposed e-voting model is highly recommended for use by various electoral commissions for voting and security agencies for the dissemination of sensitive information through the public network, the manufacturers of electronic voting machines are hereby offered a model for use in the development and securing of a fingerprint-based platform for a voting system were made among other recommendations.

One of the rights of citizens in any democratic society is to freely elect a particular candidate into a specific office for governance. This implies that among the candidates participating in an election, one of them would emerge as a winner based on the specified rules and regulation. The recent reports on the election in different parts of the world revealed that the corrupt politicians and corrupt election officers did manipulate the sensitive results thereby leading to undesired candidate emerge as a winner. This implies that election results had not been adequately secured against an attack such as alteration for false results. This paper reviewed scholarly published work and presented a novel technique using visual semagram to satisfy the confidentiality requirement of the electronic voting system. The mathematical equations on how the three primary additive colours (Red, Green and Blue) could be used to modify and conceal the election results against suspicion and alteration were presented. The significance of this paper included the presentation of a technique that would conceal any sensitive message from attackers’ suspicion and scholarly piece of information for further investigation in handling insecurity issues. The future work would involve the implementation and evaluation of the proposed technique to achieve the confidentiality requirement of the e-voting system, and to establish the validity and reliability of proposed technique.

The voting system in the world has been characterised with many fundamental challenges, thereby resulting to a corrupt contestant winning an election. Researchers have been emotionally, physically, socially and intellectually concerned about the election malpractices recorded at various levels of electing a representative. Questions on how corrupt stakeholders in elections could be prevented from fraudulent activities such as rigging and impersonation called for discussion and answers. Consequences of declaring a corrupt contestant as a winner are bad governance, insecurities and diversification of public funds for personal gains. There must be approaches to tackle the problems of voting systems. This paper focused on a comprehensive review of electronic voting systems by different scholars as a platform for identifying shortcomings or drawbacks towards the implementation of a highly secured electronic voting system. The methods used by different scholars were technically reviewed so as to identify areas that need improvement towards providing solutions to the identified problems. Furthermore, countries with history on the adoption of e-voting systems were reviewed. Based on the problems identified from various works, a novel for future work on developing a secured electronic voting system using fingerprint and visual semagram techniques was proposed.

Secondary schools as part of the foundational level of education cannot afford to lag behind in using multimedia to improve the intellectual and creative capabilities among the teachers and students. This study investigated multimedia technologies as modern pedagogical tools for strategic improvement on the teaching and learning process. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population was the senior secondary school students and teachers in Kuje Area Council of Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 250 students and 100 teachers. Cronbach's alpha statistical tool was used to obtain a reliability coefficient of 0.83 on validated questionnaires which were distributed to collect data from the respondents. Statistically, mean, standard deviation, percentage and partial correlation were used to answer the research questions while t-test and Chi-Square were used to test the postulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that television sets, projectors and computers were the major multimedia facilities used for teaching and learning in the council, multimedia facilities had a high influence on teaching and learning. It was gathered that multimedia enriched teaching cognitive skills and psychomotor skills and developed concretization of abstraction on any subject matter. Some recommendations were made which included the provision of financial support to procure multimedia facilities to schools towards the attainment of educational objectives, provision of subsiding policies by the government on the importation of multimedia facilities, employment of competent and experienced technical staff should be employed to solve a series of technical problems in using multimedia facilities. Experimental research design on the effectiveness of multimedia facilities as modern pedagogical tools for strategic improvement on teaching and learning was proposed for future work.