In this paper a truncated rectangular patch microstrip antenna with multiple slots has been proposed, to provide a wide impedance bandwidth, in addition to acceptable antenna performance parameters such as (gain and radiation pattern). FR-4 substrate is used to design the antenna structure, the substrate has thickness of 1.6 mm and relative permittivity of 4.3. By utilizing CST Microwave Studio Simulation softwer, the simulation procedure has been done. This antenna covers broadband from (0.94GHz to 3.4GHz), therefor it is suitable for operation in telecommunication base stations, and the antenna covers the GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, and IMT applications.

Various wireless mobile nodes are simultaneously a network that does not depend on any central administration system. This kind of network is called Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Due to the nodes dependent on the battery in MANET, energy consumption has become a major problem. Because of the mobility of the nodes in the network, the nodes rapidly change their positions, causing the battery to end very quickly, thereby reducing the life of such a network. The main objective of this paper is to reduce energy consumption and increase the life of the network by modifying the AOMDV protocol using zone-based technology. Keeping this objective in mind, a zone-based protocol was developed which has been addressed in the name of Zone Based Leader Selection Protocol (ZBLE). This proposed protocol uses zone-based technology to select the path based on high energy and high power. For the data forward, selecting the Leader node in each zone, the best path is chosen based on the energy level of the node and the strength of the probe. The proposed protocol has been evaluated using Network Simulator version 2.35. Comparison of ZBLE, protocols the most popular protocols are from AODV and AOMDV. With the help of simulation results, we have used service parameters such as packet distribution ratio, energy consumption, network lifetime and throughput to tell the quality of the proposed protocol

Radio signal transmitting above the ground surface experiences attenuation as a result of absorption by vegetation and hydrometeors, refraction due to turbulence in weather parameters; and reflection from ground surface. In this study, attempt was made to compute surface refractivity from its constituent parameters, and investigate its variation with leaf wetness and soil permittivity, at seven (7) different stations across Ondo state, Nigeria. Data for the research were obtained by in-situ measurement using Davis 3125 Vantage Pro2 weather station having sensors for measuring temperature, pressure, relative humidity, leaf wetness and soil moisture content. Measurement was carried out round the clock at 10 minutes integration time for a period of two weeks at each of the study locations, and for each of rainy and dry seasons. The soil moisture content was obtained at 30cm soil depth while leaf wetness was measured by attaching its sensor directly to a projected leaf-branch; and surface refractivity was computed from pressure, temperature and humidity data. Correlation analysis was employed to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between surface refractivity and each of soil permittivity and leaf wetness. Across the locations, R ranges from 0.38 to 0.9; and 0.04 to 0.7 for rainy and dry season respectively. The value of R is statistically significant at all the stations during the rainy season and majority of the stations during the dry season; signifying that surface refractivity exhibits good spatial and temporal relationship with soil permittivity and leaf wetness across the stations albeit with varying intensities.

The FBMC now days preferred for 5th Generation communication system. In this paper a detail analysis on Filter bank multi-carrier system for different cases. In FBMC that represents the transmitted data through IFFT available spectral bandwidth into sub-bands. The digital frequency response of the filter simulates for 5G communications with better response.