Long Term Evolution (LTE) defines a number of physical channels to carry information blocks received from the MAC and higher layers. This paper presents two types of Physical channels: the first type is downlink physical channels which consist of Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) and Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH). The second type of Physical channels is uplink physical channels which consist of Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). This paper also highlights the structure of PDSCH and PUSCH, discuss the algorithms of the two types of physical channel and each of its features. The aim of this paper is to discuss the well-designed PHY Channels which provide high cell-edge performance with specific features, such as dynamic bandwidth allocation to users, the design of reference signals and control channels. These channels take into account a more challenging path loss and interference environment at the cell edge.

Spectrum sensing is a challenging task for cognitive radio. Energy detection is one of the popular spectrum sensing technique for cognitive radio. In this paper we analyze the performance of energy detection technique to detect primary user (PU). Simulation results show that the probability of detection increases significantly when signal to noise ratio increases. It is also observed that the detection probability decreases when the bandwidth factor increases.

The selection of an appropriate routing protocol is a key issue when designing a scalable and efficient wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate different routing protocols and evaluate their performances on 802.16 WiMAX networks. Further, we present a comparison between 802.16 and 802.11 ad hoc networks based on the performances of various rerouting protocols. The simulation results show that the table driven DSDV protocol has the best performance in terms of the delivery fraction which outperforms the rest of the protocols. In addition, we also assert from the experiments that packet delay experienced by DSDV protocol is very high. Hence, there should be a tradeoff between various performance parameters when using the DSDV protocol in 802.16 networks.

Human and computer interaction has been developed into a wide and sophisticated field. Earlier automating electrical devices were absolutely mechanical. But with the invention of computer system, many computer researchers have tried to create computer based intelligent systems to accomplish many of their functionalities. Touchscreen controlled home automation system is one of them. These fascinating efforts to create intelligent systems are to provide human being a more convenient life. Moreover, it would accelerate the working speed of users. This paper concentrates primarily on experimental experiences on home automation system with a low-cost touchscreen technology. The proposed system provide an environment in which user can give commands by touching desired position on the touchscreen to automate the control of electrical devices. The interfacing circuit is designed using electronic components available in local market to keep the cost at low level.

Organizations’ dependence on custom enterprise software and web applications from independent software developers and software companies create a lot of problems such as integration, interoperability, security, and system maintenance. This paper seeks to provide a better approach by using Web services standards in dealing with the complexity of multiple incompatible applications that were written in different programming languages on multiple computers and also making it possible for organizations to add a new layer of abstraction that is open, standards-based, and easy to integrate with any new or existing system. The combination of Service Oriented Architecture and Web services will be used to provide a rapid integration solution that will quickly and easily align Information Technology investments and corporate strategies by focusing on shared data and reusable services rather than proprietary integration products.

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is one of the latest swarm algorithm based on the intelligent foraging behavior of honey bees introduced in the year 2005 by Karaboga since then it has been used for optimization of various solutions. And it is recently introduced for processing and analysis of images such as segmentation, object recognition and image retrieval. Fusing images from a vast collection of different images has become one of the interesting challenges and has drawn the attention of researchers towards the development of fusion techniques. In this paper, we have proposed the usage of ABC for optimal fusion of multi-temporal images and studied the effect of variation in the source area

The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is the most widely used control strategy in the Industry. The popularity of PID controllers can be attributed to their robust performance in a wide range of operating conditions and partly to their functional simplicity. The process of setting of PID controller can be determined as an optimization task. Over the years, use of intelligent strategies for tuning of these controllers has been growing. Biologically inspired evolutionary strategies have gained importance over other strategies because of their consistent performance over wide range of process models and their flexibility. The level control systems on Deaerator, Feed Water Heaters, and Condenser Hot well are critical to the proper operation of the units in Nuclear Power plants. For Precise control of level, available tuning technologies based on conventional optimization methods are found to be inadequate as these conventional methods are having limitations. To overcome the limitations, alternate tuning techniques based on Genetic Algorithm are emerging.
This paper analyses the manual tuning techniques and compares the same with Genetic Algorithm tuning methods for tuning PID controllers for level control system and testing of the quality of process control in the simulation environment of PFBR Operator Training Simulator(OTS).

The process of determining missing values in information system is an important issue for decision making especially when the missing values are in the decision attribute. The main goal for this paper is to introduce algorithm for finding missing values of decision attribute. Our approach is depending on distance function between existing values. These values can be calculated by distance function between the conditions attributes values for the complete information system and incomplete information system. This method can deal with the repeated small distance by eliminating a condition attribute which has the smallest effect on the complete information system. This algorithm will be discussed in detail with an example of a case study.

Film industry is the most important component of Entertainment industry. Profit and Loss both are very high for this business. Before release of a particular movie, if the Production House or distributors gets any type of prediction that how the film will do business, then it can be helpful to reduce the risk. In this paper we have proposed, back propagation neural network for prediction about the business of a movie. Note that, this method is successfully applied in the field of Stock Market Prediction, Weather Prediction and Image Processing.

In this paper four fiber-loop-buffer based photonic packet switched architectures are compared. It is done in terms of their packet loss probability and their optical cost under various load conditions for the random traffic model. The recirculating type delay lines are used for the storage of packets to resolve the contention. The architectures use semiconductor optical amplifiers(SOAs) and tunable wavelength converters(TWCs) in the recirculating loop buffer. The architectures have advantage of simultaneous Read/Write and, wavelength reallocation using TWCs in the recirculating loop buffer. Therefore, it improves the switch performance over the architectures using SOAs in the loop buffer. The cost of the various architectures is evaluated by considering FCC (fiber-to-chip coupling) and the WSU (wavelength speed up factor) model.