Impact of IS Strategy and Technological Innovation Strategic Alignment on Firm Performance

Full Text (PDF, 572KB), PP.68-84

Views: 0 Downloads: 0

Author(s)

Asare Yaw Obeng 1,* Peter L Mkhize 2

1. Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana; University of South Africa, South Africa

2. University of South Africa, South Africa

* Corresponding author.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2017.08.08

Received: 10 Sep. 2016 / Revised: 20 Nov. 2016 / Accepted: 30 Dec. 2016 / Published: 8 Aug. 2017

Index Terms

Firm performance, information systems strategy, strategic alignment factors, technological innovation

Abstract

The alignment between information systems strategy and business strategy as an important driver of competitiveness has predominantly been assessed through quantitative methods without exploring in detail factors that influence strategic alignment and their implications for perceived business performance. Most IS-business strategic alignment studies dominantly focus on entire business and IS strategies resulting in many findings that are too general and inconclusive. This study aims at assessing strategic alignment factors, their interrelationships, and how they influence the IS-business alignment and its consequential effect on the performance of six universal banks in Ghana. The study followed the systematic procedure of grounded theory design and adopted qualitative dominant crossover mixed analysis. The findings of the study indicate strategic alignment between information systems strategy and technological innovation impacts positively on the performance of a firm where IT utilization complements resources and capabilities.

Cite This Paper

Asare Yaw Obeng, Peter L Mkhize, "Impact of IS Strategy and Technological Innovation Strategic Alignment on Firm Performance", International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science(IJITCS), Vol.9, No.8, pp.68-84, 2017. DOI:10.5815/ijitcs.2017.08.08

Reference

[1]Bank of Ghana. Register of Licensed Institutions. Available Online: https://www.bog.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110&Itemid=123  Accessed on 15th May 2016.

[2]Y. Kim, T. Kelly, and S. Raja. "Building Broadband: Strategies and Policies for the Developing World". Global Information and Communication Technologies (GICT) Department, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2010.

[3]P. W. Roberts and R. Amit. "The dynamics of innovative activity and competitive advantage: the case of Australian retail banking, 1981 to 1995". Organization Science, vol. 14, pp. 107-122, 2003.

[4]J. A. O'Brien & G. M. Marakas. Management Information Systems. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2011.

[5]Z. Rylková & W. Bernatík. "Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education 2013 Performance measurement and management in Czech enterprises". Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 110, pp. 961 – 968, 2014.

[6]J. Gartlan & G. Shanks. "The Alignment Of Business And Information Technology Strategy In Australia". Australasian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 14, no.2, pp. 1-10, 2007.

[7]J. S. Chen & H. T. Tsou. "Information Technology Adoption for Service Innovation Practices and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Financial Firms". Information Research, vol. 12, no.3, paper 314, 2007.

[8]M. E. Porter & V. E. Millar. "How information gives you competitive advantage". Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no.4, pp. 149–160, 1985.

[9]P. G. W. Keen. Shaping the future- Business design through information technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.

[10]J. Rockart & M. Scott Morton. "Implications of changes in IT for corporate strategy". Interfaces, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 83–95, 1984.

[11]M. Bofondi & F. Lotti. "Innovation in the retail banking industry: the diffusion of credit scoring". Review of Industrial Organization, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 343–358, 2006.

[12]K. Lal. "Consequences of the Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies in SME's in Jamaica". The Icfai Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(4), pp. 27-53, 2007.

[13]P. P. Tallon. "Value chain linkages and the spillover effects of strategic information technology alignment: A process-level view". Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 28, no.3, pp. 9–44, 2011.

[14]D. Avison, J. Jones, P. Powell, & D. Wilson. "Using a validating the strategic alignment model". Journal of strategic information System, vol.13, pp. 223-246, 2004.

[15]D. Q. Chen, M. Mocker, D. S Preston, & A. Teubner. "Information systems strategy: reconceptualization, measurement, and implications". MIS Quarterly, vol. 34, no.2, pp. 233–259, 2010.

[16]R. D. Galliers. "Further developments in information systems strategising: unpacking the concept". In: Galliers, R. D., Currie, W.L. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Information Systems: Critical Perspectives and New Directions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 329–345, 2011.

[17]D. Hunger & T. Wheelen. Strategic Management. USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Inc. 1998

[18]D.J. Teece, G. Pisano, & A. Shuen. "Dynamic capabilities and strategic management". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, no.7, pp. 509–533, 1997.

[19]P. Rose & S. Y Hudgins. Bank Management & Financial Services. International Edition, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008.

[20]J. H. Lingle & W.A. Schiemann. "From balanced scorecard to strategic gauges: Is measurement worth it?" Management Review, vol. 85, no.3, pp. 56–61, 1996.

[21]R. Simmons. Performance Measurement and Control Systems for Implementing Strategy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000

[22]A. Neely, J. F. Mills, M. J. Gregory, & K. W. Platts. "Performance measurement system design – a literature review and research agenda". International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 15, no.4, pp. 80-116, 1995.

[23]R. S Kaplan & D. P. Norton. "The Balanced Scorecard-Measures that Drive Performance". Harvard Business Review, vol. 70, no.1, pp. 71-79, 1992.

[24]A. Bhimani & K. Langfield-Smith. "Structure, formality and the importance of financial and non-financial information in strategy development and implementation". Management Accounting Research, vol. 18, no.1, pp. 3–31, 2007.

[25]A. Dossi & L Patelli. "You Learn from What You Measure: Financial and Non-Financial Performance Measures in Multinational Companies". Long Range Planning, vol. 43, pp. 498-526, 2010.

[26]S. Gowrinathan. "Valuable Technologies to Make Bank Branches More Effective". Finacle, Infosys Ltd. 2011.

[27]A. Kanayi. "Building Tomorrow's Enterprise: The role of technology in building sustainable banking". Finacle, Infosys Ltd. 2012.

[28]OECD. Oslo Manual: Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data. Paris, 3rd Edition. 2005.

[29]OECD. The OECD Innovation Strategy: Getting A Head Start on Tomorrow. Executive Summary. Paris, 2010.

[30]F. Damanpou. "An Integration of Research Findings of Effects of Firm Size and Market Competition on Product and Process Innovations". British Journal of Management, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 996–1010, 2010.

[31]A. Schumpeter. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1934

[32]A. Parasuraman. "Service productivity, quality and innovation: Implications for service-design practice and research". International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 277–286, 2010.

[33]K. Grigoriou & F. T. Rothaermel. "Structural microfoundations of innovation: The role of relational stars". Journal of Management, vol. 40, pp. 586–615, 2014

[34]Ghana Banking Survey. PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ghana Association of Bankers. Sustaining Growth: Challenges and Opportunities. Available Online: http://www.pwc.com/en_gh/gh/pdf/ghana-banking-survey-2011.pdf, 2011. Date accessed: 10th May, 2016.

[35]A. N. Berger & A.A. Dick. "Entry into banking markets and the first-mover advantage". The Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 39, no.4, pp. 775-807, 2006.

[36]F. Damanpour and M. Schneider. "Phases of the adoption of innovation in organizations: effects of environment, organization and top managers". British Journal of Management, vol. 17, no.3, 215-236, 2006.

[37]R. J. Calantone, S. T. Cavusgil, & Y. Zhao. "Learning Orientation, Firm Innovation Capability and Firm Performance". Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515-524, 2002.

[38]F. Damanpour, R. M. Walker, & C. N. Avellaneda. "Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations". Journal of Management Studies, vol. 46, no.4, 650–675, 2009.

[39]J. C. Mahlich. "Patents and performance in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry: an institution- based view". Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 27, no.1, pp. 99-113, 2010.

[40]J. Singh. "Distributed R&D, cross-regional knowledge integration and quality of innovative output". Research Policy, vol. 37, pp. 77–96, 2008.

[41]J. Tidd, J. R. Bessant, & K. Pavitt. Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005.

[42]S. B. Choi & S. H. Lee. "Innovation and financial performance in emerging countries: an empirical analysis of Korean and Chinese firms". Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp. 1-6, 2008.

[43]J. Tung. "A study of product innovation on firm performance". International Journal of Organizational Innovation, vol. 4, no.3, pp. 84-97, 2012.

[44]J. Yang. "The knowledge management strategy and its effect on firm performance: a contingency analysis". International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 215–223, 2010

[45]Z. Wang & N. Wang. "Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance". Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 39, pp. 8899–8908, 2012

[46]F. Damanpour. "Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators". Academy of Management Journal, vol. 34, no.3, pp. 555-590, 1991.

[47]R. Levine. "Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda". Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 35, no.2, pp. 688–726, 1997.

[48]A. Bharadwaj, O. El Sawy, P. Pavlou, & N. Venkatraman. "Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights". MIS Quarterly, vol. 37, no.2, pp. 471–482, 2013.

[49]T. R. Coltman, P. P Tallon, R. Sharma, & M. Queiroz. "Strategic IT alignment: Twenty-five years on". Journal of Information Technology, vol. 30, pp. 91-100, 2015.

[50]F. J. Mata, W. L. Fuerst, & J. B. Barney. "Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Analysis". MIS Quarterly, vol. 19, no.4, pp. 487-505, 1995.

[51]J.C. Henderson & N. Venkatraman. "Strategic alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organisations". IBM Systems Journal, vol. 32, no.1, pp. 472-484, 1993.

[52]E. Turban, E. McLean, & J. Wetherbe. Information technology for management: transforming business in the digital economy. 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley. 2002.

[53]J. N. Luftman. "Assessing Business – IT Alignment Maturity". Communication of the association for information systems, vol. 4, no.14, December 2000.

[54]R. Sabherwal & Y.E. Chan. "Alignment between business and IS strategies: a study of prospectors, analyzers and defenders". Information Systems Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11–33, 2001.

[55]R. Henderson & W. Mitchell. "The interactions of organizational and competitive influences on strategy and performance". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, pp. 5–14, 1997.

[56]J. B. Barney. "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage". Journal of Management, vol. 17, no.1, pp. 99-120, 1991.

[57]J. B. Barney & W. S. Hesterly. Strategic management and competitive advantage: Concepts and Cases. 4th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson, 2012.

[58]R. D. Galliers. Reflections on Information Systems Strategizing, in C. Avgerou, C. Ciborra, and F. Land (Eds.) The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology: Innovation, Actors, and Contexts. UK, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-262, 2004.

[59]R. Agarwal and V. Sambamurthy. "Principles and Models for Organizing the IT Function". MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 1, no.1, 1-16, 2002.

[60]P. Weill. "Strategic investment in information technology: An empirical study". Information Age, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 141-147, 1990.

[61]Z. Tang & B. Walters. "The Interplay of Strategic Management and Information Technology" In M. Hunter (Ed.), Strategic Information Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, pp. 29-41, 2010.

[62]D.W. Jorgenson & K. Vu. "Information Technology and the World Growth Resurgence". German Economic Review, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 125-145, 2007.

[63]A.A. Aliyu & R. Bin H.J. Tasmin. "The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Banks Performance and Customer Service Delivery in the Banking Industry". International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance & Economic Sciences, 2(1), 80-90, 2012.

[64]M. Broadbent & P. Weill. "Improving business and information strategy alignment: Learning from the banking industry". IBM Systems Journal, vol. 32, no.1, 162-179, 1993.

[65]A. S. Bharadwaj. "A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation". MIS Quarterly, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 169-196, 2000.

[66]M. Wade & J. Hulland. "The resource-based view and information systems research: review, extension and suggestions for future research". MIS Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 107-142, 2004.

[67]D. S. Preston and E. Karahanna. "How to Develop a Shared Vision, The Key to IS Strategic Alignment". MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 8, no.1, pp. 1-8, 2009b.

[68]H. Mintzberg. "The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy". California Management Review, vol. 30, no.1, pp. 11-24, 1987.

[69]J. W. Ross, P. Weill, and D. C. Robertson. Enterprise Architecture As Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006.

[70]E. Baldwin and M. Curley. Managing IT Innovation for Business Value: Practical Strategies for IT and Business Managers. CA: Santa Clara, Intel Press, 2007.

[71]G. Piccoli and B. Ives. "IT-Dependent Strategic Initiatives and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature". MIS Quarterly, vol. 29, no.4, pp. 747–776, 2005.

[72]C. U. Ciborra. From Thinking to Tinkering. The Grassroots of IT and Strategy, in Strategic Information Systems: A European Perspective, Ciborra, C. U. and Jelassi, T. (eds.), Chichester, UK: John Wiley, pp. 3-24, 1994.

[73]R. D. Galliers. "Strategizing for agility: confronting information systems inflexibility" in dynamic environments. In: Desouza, K. (Ed.), Agile Information Systems. Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 1-15, 2006.

[74]V. Sambamurthy, A. Bhardwaj, & V. Grover. "Shaping agility through digital options: Reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary Firms1". MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 237-263, 2003.

[75]F. R. David. Strategic Management Concepts: A Competitive Advantage Approach. 14th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2012.

[76]D. J. Teece. "Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation". Long Range Planning, vol. 43, 172-194, 2010.

[77]S. Rivard, L. Raymond, & D. Verreault. "Resource-Based View and Competitive Strategy: An Intended Model of the Contribution of Information Technology to Firm Performance". Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15, pp. 29-50, 2006.

[78]G. Bassellier & I. Benbasat. "Business competence of information technology professionals: conceptual development and influence on IT-business partnerships". MIS Quarterly, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 394–673, 2004.

[79]M. Khosrowpour (Ed.). Cases on Information Technology and Business Process Reengineering. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2006.

[80]R. G. Fichman & C. F. Kemerer. "The assimilation of software process innovations: an organizational learning perspective". Management Science, vol. 43, no.10, pp. 1345–1363, 1997.

[81]J. W. Ross, C. M. Beath, & D. L. Goodhue. "Develop long-term competitiveness through IT assets". Sloan Management Review, vol. 38, no.1, pp. 31–42, 1996.

[82]E. B. Swanson. "Inside the IT Innovation Wave Machine," UCLA Anderson School of Management Information Systems Working Paper Series, pp. 1-10, 2010.

[83]I-L. Wu & M-L. Chiu. "Organizational applications of IT innovation and firm's competitive performance: A resource-based view and the innovation diffusion approach". Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, vol. 35, no. 25, pp. 25–44, 2015.

[84]J. Benitez-Amado & R.M Walczuch. "Information technology, the organizational capability of proactive corporate environmental strategy and firm performance: a resource-based analysis". European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 21, pp. 664–679, 2012.

[85]J. Peppard & Ward. "Beyond strategic information systems: towards an IS capability". Journal of Strategic Information Systems, vol. 13, pp. 167–194, 2004.

[86]N.-C. Chen. "Cloud Computing as an Innovation: Perception, Attitude, and Adoption". International. Journal of Information Management, vol. 32, no.6, pp. 533–540, 2012.

[87]T. Felin & W. S Hesterly. "The knowledge based view, nested heterogeneity, and new value creation: Philosophical considerations on the locus of knowledge". Academy of Management Review, vol.32, pp. 195-218, 2007.

[88]M. Gloet & M. Terziovski. "Exploring the relationship between knowledge management practices and innovation performance". Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 15, no.5, pp. 402–409, 2004.

[89]M. M. Crossan & I. Berdrow. "Organizational Learning and Strategic Renewal". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 24, pp. 1087-1105, 2003.

[90]G. S Kearns and A. L. Lederer. "A resource-based view of strategic IT alignment: how knowledge sharing creates competitive advantage". Decision Sciences, vol. 34, no.1, pp. 1-29, 2003.

[91]D. Sledgianowski & J. Luftman. "IT-Business Strategic Alignment Maturity: A Case Study". Journal of Cases on Information Technology, vol. 7, no.2, pp. 102-120, 2005.

[92]J.N. Luftman, R. Papp & T. Brier. "Enablers and inhibitors of business-IT alignment". Communications of the AIS, vol. 1, no.11, pp. 1–32, 1999.

[93]S. L. Goldman, R. N. Nagel, & K. Preiss. Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for Enriching the Customer. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.

[94]C. C. Liao, H. Y. Wang, S. H. Chuang, M. L. Shih, & C. C. Liu. "Enhancing knowledge management for R&D innovation and firm performance: An integrative view". African Journal of Business Management, vol. 4, no.14, pp. 3026–3038, 2010

[95]D. Lavie. "The case of a process theory of resource accumulation and deployment". Strategic Organization, vol. 10, no.3, pp. 316–323, 2012.

[96]B-A. Lundvall & P. Nielsen. "Knowledge management and innovation performance". International Journal of Manpower, vol. 28, no.3/4, pp. 207-223, 2007.

[97]N. Carbonara. "Information and communication technology and geographical clusters, opportunities and spread". Technovation, vol. 25, no.3, pp. 213-222, 2005.

[98]D. Jiménez-Jiménez & R. Sanz-Valle. "Innovation, organizational learning, and performance". Journal of Business Research, vol. 64, pp. 408–417, 2011.

[99]R. Amit & P. Schoemaker. "Strategic assets and organizational rent". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 33-46, 1993.

[100]B. Wernerfelt. "A resource-based view of the firm". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, pp. 171–180, 1984.

[101] E. T. Penrose. The Theory of Growth of the Firm. New York: Wiley 1959.

[102]R. M. Grant. "Prospering in dynamically competitive environments: organizational capability as knowledge integration". Organization Science, vol. 7, pp. 375–387, 1996a.

[103]P. Pavlou & O. El-Sawy. "The ''third hand'': IT-enabled competitive advantage in turbulence through improvisational capabilities". Information Systems Research, vol. 21, pp. 443–471, 2010.

[104]G. Walsham. "Doing interpretive research". European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 15, pp. 320–330, 2006.

[105]J. W. Creswell. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd Edition. CA: Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2007.

[106]J. W. Creswell. Qualitative Inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. CA: Thousand Oaks, Sage, 1998.

[107]P. Darke, G. Shanks, and M. Broadbent. "Successfully completing case study research: Combining rigour, relevance and pragmatism". Information Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 273–289, 1998.

[108]B. G. Glaser & A. L. Strauss. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine, 1967.

[109]A. Strauss & J. Corbin. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990.

[110]K. Charmaz. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage, 2006.

[111]R. Matavire & I. Brown. "Profiling Grounded Theory Approaches in Information Systems Research". European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 22, pp. 119-129, 2013.

[112]P. P. Tallon and A. Pinsonneault. "Competing Perspectives on the Link between Strategic Information Technology Alignment and Organizational Agility: Insights from a mediation model". MIS Quarterly, vol. 35, no.2, pp. 463–486, 2011.

[113]J. Gerdin and J. Greve. "Forms of Contingency Fit in Management Accounting Research – A critical review". Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 29, no.3, pp. 303–326, 2004.

[114]J.R. Edwards. "The Study of Congruence in Organizational Behavior Research: Critique and a proposed alternative". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 58, no.1, pp. 51–100, 1994. 

[115]P.P. Tallon, K.L. Kraemer, & V. Gurbaxani. "Executives' perceptions of the business value of information technology: a process-oriented approach". Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 16, no.4, pp. 145–173, 2000.

[116]J. E. Gerow, J. B. Thatcher, and V. Grover. "Six Types of IT-Business Strategic Alignment: An investigation of the constructs and their measurement". European Journal of Information Systems, vol. 24, no.3, pp. 1–27, 2014.

[117]B.J. Jaworski & A.K. Kohli. "Market-orientation: antecedents and consequences". Journal of Marketing, vol. 57, pp. 53-70, 1993.

[118]Y.E Spanos & S. Lioukas. "An examination into the causal logic of rent generation: contrasting Porter's competitive strategy framework and the resource-based perspective". Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22, no.10, pp. 907–934, 2001.

[119]J. Darroch. "Knowledge management, innovation and firm performance". Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 9, no.3, pp. 101-115, 2005.

[120]D. J. Ortinau, J. F. Hair, & R. P. Bush. Marketing Research: Within a Changing Information Environment. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003.

[121]A. J. Onwuegbuzie, N. L. Leech, & K. M. T. Collins. Toward a new era for conducting mixed analyses: The role of quantitative dominant and qualitative dominant crossover mixed analyses. In M. Williams & W. P. Vogt (Eds.), The Sage handbook of innovation in social research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2011, pp. 353–384

[122]A. J. Onwuegbuzie, R. B. Johnson, & K. M. T. Collins. "A call for mixed analysis: A philosophical framework for combining qualitative and quantitative". International Journal of Multiple Research Methods, vol. 3, no.2, pp. 114–139, 2009.

[123]C.W. Roberts. "A conceptual framework for quantitative text analysis: on joining probabilities and substantive inferences about texts". Quality & Quantity, vol. 34, pp. 259–274, 2000.

[124]P. Zapata-Sepúlveda, F. López-Sánchez, and M. C. Sánchez-Gómez. "Content analysis research method with NVivo-6 software in a PhD thesis: an approach to the long-term psychological effects on Chilean ex-prisoners survivors of experiences of torture and imprisonment". Quality and Quantity, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 379-390, 2011

[125]S. Pan, K. Chon, & H. Song. "Visualizing Tourism Trends: A Combination of ATLAS.ti and BiPlot". Journal of Travel Research, vol. 46, no.3, pp. 339-348, 2008. 

[126]M. Bendixen. "A practical guide to the use of correspondence analysis in marketing research". Marketing Research On-Line, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 16–36, 1996.

[127]J. F. Hair, W. C. Black, B. Babin, & R. Anderson. Multivariate data analysis. 7th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2010.

[128]A. Agresti. Categorical data analysis. 2nd Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2002

[129]M. J. Greenacre. Correspondence analysis in practice. New York: Academic Press, 1993.

[130]J. C. Ryan & S. A. A. Tipu. "Leadership effects on innovation propensity: A two-factor full range leadership mode". Journal of Business Research, vol. 66, pp. 2116–2129, 2013.

[131]D. F. Feeny & L.P. Willcocks. "Core IS capabilities for exploiting information technology". Sloan Management Review, vol. 39, no.3, pp. 9–21, 1998.

[132]M. Beer & R. Eisentat. "The Six Silent Killers of Strategy Implementation and Learning". Sloan Management Review, vol. 41, no.4, pp. 29-41, 2000. 

[133]Y. E. Chan & S. L. Huff. "Investigating Information Systems Strategic Alignment". Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Information Systems, Orlando, Florida. 1993.

[134]P. P. Tallon & K. L. Kraemer. Investigating the Relationship between Strategic Alignment and Business Value. Hershy, PA: Idea Publications, pp. 1–22, 2003.

[135]R. M. Walker. "Innovation and organizational performance: evidence and a research agenda". Working Paper, No. 002, Advanced Institute of Management Research. 2004.

[136]J. N. Luftman, R. Papp, & T. Brier. "Enablers and inhibitors of business-IT alignment". Communications of the AIS, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 1–32,1999.

[137]J. P. MacDuffie. "Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: organizational logic and flexible production systems in the world auto industry". Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 48, no.2, pp. 197-221, 1995.

[138]A. N. H. Zaied. "An Integrated Knowledge Management Capabilities Framework for Assessing Organizational Performance". I. J. Information Technology and Computer Science, Vol 2, pp 1-10, 2012.