IJISA Vol. 16, No. 2, 8 Apr. 2024
Cover page and Table of Contents: PDF (size: 1117KB)
PDF (1117KB), PP.24-39
Views: 0 Downloads: 0
Machine Learning, Error Pattern Recognition, Random Forest, Score \& Performance Prediction, Adaboost
Error pattern recognition is a routine job in the military to provide corrective guidelines to the shooter. Errors can be recognized with a visual approach based on the spreading pattern of bullets on the target board, which are categorized into four categories: long horizontal error, long vertical error, bi-focal error, and scattered error. Currently, this process is performed manually and requires active human involvement. Similarly, an automated system to predict the future performance of a shooter is not available in the military domain. Moreover, the performance of a shooter depends on several factors, including age, weather, ammunition type, availability of light, previous scores, shooting range, classification of firing, and other factors. The military domain has not addressed the automatic prediction of such performance. While error correction and performance analysis have been extensively explored in the field of sports, their application within the military domain remains an untapped area of research and investigation. Numerous recent endeavors have suggested the utilization of deep learning to tackle this challenge. However, the absence of real-time data poses a significant obstacle, rendering these solutions seemingly impractical. In this paper, we have applied machine- learning approaches and adopted the best algorithm to automate the error pattern recognition system within a military domain. Our proposed methodology has two modules. The first module uses various algorithms and finds a random forest classifier that can do better to recognize the pattern of error and in the second phase, we used the AdaBoost classifier to predict the score and performance of a firer. Several experiments have been conducted, and the results show an average accuracy of 0.968 using Random Forest to recognize the pattern of error and an accuracy of 0.69 using AdaBoost to predict score performance. The data has been collected from the real-time environment of the military domain and experiments have been carried out using real-time scenarios with the military in mind.
Salman Rahman, Nusrat Sharmin, Tanzil Ahmed, "Machine Learning-based Approaches in Error Detection and Score Prediction for Small Arm Firing Systems in the Military Domain", International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications(IJISA), Vol.16, No.2, pp.24-39, 2024. DOI:10.5815/ijisa.2024.02.03
[1]Breiman, Random Forests. “Machine Learning” 45, 5–32 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
[2]Y. Li, “Predicting materials properties and behavior using classification and regression trees”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 433, no. 1–2, pp. 261–268, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.100. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.100
[3]Gislason, Benediktsson and Sveinsson, “Random Forest classification of multisource remote sensing and geographic data”, IGARSS 2004. 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA, 2004, pp. 1049-1052 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2004.1368591.
[4]Chandan, R. H., Sharmin, N., Munir, M. B., Razzak, A., Naim, T. A., Mubashshira, T., Rahman, M. (2023). “AI-based small arms firing skill evaluation system in the military domain”. Defense Technology.
[5]Y. Liu, D. Attinger, and K. De Brabanter, “Automatic Classification of Bloodstain Patterns Caused by Gunshot and Blunt Impact at Various Distances”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 729–743, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14262. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14262
[6]Guy Leshem and Ya’acov Ritov, “Traffic Flow Prediction using Adaboost Algorithm with Random Forests as a Weak Learner”, PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1060207. [Online]. Available: https://zenodo.org/record/1060207.Y-KlK3ZBy3A
[7]Ali Atif., “Artificial Intelligence potential trends in military.” Foundation University Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (HEC Recognized Y Category, ISSN 2706-7351) 2, no. 1 (2021): 20-30.
[8]Butt, M., Glas, N., Monsuur, J., Stoop, R., de Keijzer, A. (2023).” Application of YOLOv8 and Detectron2 for Bullet Hole Detection and Score Calculation from Shooting Cards”. AI, 5(1), 72-90.
[9]T. Ahmed, S. Rahman, A. A. Mahmud, M. A. Razzak and D. N. Sharmin, “Bullet Hole Detection in a Military Domain Using Mask R-CNN and ResNet-50,” 2023 International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT), Goa, India, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICONAT57137.2023.10080859.
[10]M. R. H. Chandan, T. A. Naim, M. A. Razzak, and N. Sharmin, “Image processing based scoring system for small arms firing in the military domain,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Image Processing and Machine Vision, 2022, pp. 57–63.
[11]Y. Li, C. Zhang, R. Cheng, Y. Xu, P. Li, and H. Ma, “Automatic target-scoring model based on imageprocessing,” in 2022 9th International Conference on Digital Home (ICDH). IEEE, 2022, pp. 25–30.
[12]A. P. Paplinski, “Directional filtering in edge detection,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 611–615, 1998.R. R. Rakesh, P. Chaudhuri, and C. Murthy, “Thresholding in edge detection: a statistical approach,” IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 927–936, 2004.
[13]P. D. Widayaka, H. Kusuma, and M. Attamimi, “Automatic shooting scoring system based on image processing,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1201, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019, p. 012047.
[14]C. J. Nederpelt, A. K. Mokhtari, O. Alser, T. Tsiligkaridis, J. Roberts, M. Cha, J. A. Fawley, J. J. Parks, A. E. Mendoza, P. J. Fagenholz et al., “Development of a field artificial intelligence triage tool: confidence in the prediction of shock, transfusion, and definitive surgical therapy in patients with truncal gunshot wounds,” Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1054–1060, 2021.
[15]Z. Ruolin, L. Jianbo, Z. Yuan, and W. Xiaoyu, “Recognition of bullet holes based on video image analysis,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 261, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2017, p. 012020.
[16]A. Ertan, “Exploring the security implications of artificial intelligence in military contexts,” Ph.D. dissertation, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2022.