Sergey V. Smirnov

Melamine Analysis in Liquid Milk by Simple and Robust Neural Network Based Method

Full Text (PDF, 895KB), PP.24-30

Views: 0 Downloads: 0

Author(s)

Sergey V. Smirnov ^1,*

1. R&D department, Unimilk Co., Moscow region, Russia

* Corresponding author.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2011.03.04

Received: 13 Jun. 2011 / Revised: 14 Jul. 2011 / Accepted: 19 Aug. 2011 / Published: 29 Sep. 2011

Index Terms

Food, liquid milk, partial least squares regression (PLS), artificial neural network (ANN)

Abstract

Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a nitrogen-rich chemical implicated in the pet and human food recalls and in the global food safety scares involving milk products. Due to the serious health concerns associated with melamine consumption and the extensive scope of affected products, rapid and sensitive methods to detect melamine’s presence are essential. We propose the use of spectroscopy data – produced by near-infrared (near-IR/NIR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR/MIR) spectroscopies, in particular – for melamine detection in complex dairy matrixes. It was found that infrared spectroscopy is an effective tool to detect melamine in liquid milk. The limit of detection (LOD) below 1 ppm (0.76±0.11 ppm) can be reached if a correct spectrum pre-processing (pre-treatment) technique and a correct multivariate (MDA) algorithm: partial least squares regression (PLS), polynomial PLS (Poly-PLS), or artificial neural network (ANN) – is used for spectrum analysis. The relationship between MIR/NIR spectrum of milk product and melamine content is non-linear. So, non-linear regression methods are needed to correctly predict the triazine-derivative content. It can be concluded that mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy can be regarded as a quick, sensitive, robust, and low-cost method for liquid milk analysis. The technique can be applied for the automation of milk analysis.

Cite This Paper

Sergey V. Smirnov,"Melamine Analysis in Liquid Milk by Simple and Robust Neural Network Based Method", IJEME, vol.1, no.3, pp.24-30, 2011. DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2011.03.04

Reference

[1]M. Lin, Front. Chem. Eng. China 3 (2009) 427-435.

[2]B. Liu, M. Lin, H. Li, Sens. & Instrumen. Food Qual. 4 (2010) 13-19.

[3]R. Z. Syunyaev, R. M. Balabin, J. Dispersion Science Tech. 29, 1505 (2008).

[4]H. Xin, R. Stone, Science 322 (2008) 1310-1311.

[5]E.Y.Y. Chan, S.M. Griffiths, C.W. Chan, Lancet 372 (2008), 1444-1445.

[6]K. Burns, S. Kahler, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 230 (2007) 1784-1785.

[7]S. Wong, M. Chiu, H.K. J. Paediatr. (New Series) 13 (2008) 230-234.

[8]L. J. Mauer, A. A. Chernyshova, A. Hiatt, A. Deeding and R. Davis, J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (2009) 3974-3980.

[9]R. Z. Syunyaev, R. M. Balabin, J. Dispersion Science Tech. 28, 419 (2007).

[10]R. Z. Syunyaev, R. M. Balabin, I. S. Akhatov, J. O. Safieva, Energy Fuels 23, 1230 (2009).

[11]World Health Organization. Melamine contamination event, China, 2008; retrieved Oct, 2009, Grand jury indicts companies for melamine contamination of pet food. JAVMA 2008, 232, 824.

[12]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim safety and risk assessment of melamine and its analogues in foods for humans; http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/melamra3.html.

[13]Melamine; MSDS 11295; in Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA; http://www.vwrsp.com/msds/10/AAA/AAA11295-0C.pdf.

[14]R. L. Dobson, et al. Toxicol. Sci. 106 (2008) 251-262.

[15]L. He, Y. Liu, M. Lin, J. Awika, D. R. Ledoux, H. Li, A. Mustapha, Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 2 (2008) 66-71.

[16]D. N. Heller, C. B. Nochetto, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22 (2008) 3624-3632.

[17]G. Huang, Z. Ouyang, R. G. Cooks, Chem. Commu. 5 (2009) 556-558.

[18]C. M. Karbiwnyk, et al. Analytica Chimica Acta 637 (2009) 101-111.

[19]R. M. Balabin, R. Z. Safieva, E. I. Lomakina, Anal. Chim. Acta 671 (2010) 27-35.

[20]S.B. Kim, C. Temiyasathit, K. Bensalah, A. Tuncel, J. Cadeddu, W. Kabbani, A.V. Mathker and H. Liu, Expert Sys. Appl. 37 (2010) 3863-3869.

[21]R.M. Balabin and R.Z. Safieva, J. Near Infrared Spec. 15 (2007) 343-349.

[22]R.M. Balabin and R.Z. Safieva, Fuel 87 (2008) 2745-2752.

[23]A. Jiye, J. Trygg, J. Gullberg, A.I. Johansson, P. Jonsson, H. Antti, S.L. Marklund and T. Moritz, Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 8086-8094.

[24]M.R. Monteiroa, A.R.P. Ambrozin, M.S. Santos, E.F. Boffo, E.R. Pereira-Filho, L.M. Lião and A.G. Ferreira, Talanta 78 (2009) 660-664.

[25]J. Workman, Jr., M. Koch, B. Lavine and R. Chrisman, Anal. Chem. 81 (2009) 4623-4643.

[26]P. Baptista, P. Felizardo, J.C. Menezes and M.J.N. Correia, Talanta 77 (2008) 144-151.

[27]R.M. Balabin, J. Phys. Chem. A 113 (2009) 4910-4918.

[28]R.M. Balabin, J. Phys. Chem. A 113 (2009) 1012-1019.

[29]R.M. Balabin, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (2010) 20-23.

[30]J.M. Hollas, Modern Spectroscopy (4th ed.), Wiley (2004).

[31]R.M. Balabin, R.Z. Syunyaev and S.A. Karpov, Fuel 86 (2007) 323-327.

[32]R.M. Balabin, R.Z. Syunyaev and S.A. Karpov, Energy Fuels 21 (2007) 2460-2465.

[33]F.C.C. Oliveira, C.R.R. Brandao, H.F. Ramalho, L.A.F. Costa, P.A.Z. Suarez and J.C. Rubim, Anal. Chim. Acta 587 (2007) 194-199.

[34]R.M. Balabin and R.Z. Safieva, Fuel 87 (2008) 1096-1101.

[35]C. Lu, B. Xiang, G. Hao, J. Xu, Z. Wang and C. Chen, Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 17 (2009) 59-67.

[36]P. Felizardo, P. Baptista, J.C. Menezes and M.J.N. Correia, Anal. Chim. Acta 595 (2007) 107-113.

[37]R.M. Balabin, R.Z. Safieva and E.I. Lomakina, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. 88 (2007) 183-188.

[38]R.M. Balabin, R.Z. Safieva and E.I. Lomakina, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. 93 (2008) 58-62.

[39]H. Yang, P.R. Griffiths and J.D. Tate, Anal. Chim. Acta 489 (2003) 125-136.

[40]Y. Li, C.W. Brown and S.-C. Lo, J. Near Infrared Spec. 7 (1999) 55-62.

[41]S. Sekulic, M.B. Seasholtz, Z. Wang and B.R. Kowalski, Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 835-845.

[42]R.M. Balabin, Chem. Phys. 352 (2008) 267-275.

[43]R.M. Balabin, J. Chem. Phys. 129 (2008) 164101.

[44]R.M. Balabin, J. Chem. Phys. 131 (2009) 154307.

[45]R.M. Balabin, J. Phys. Chem. A 114 (2010) 3698-3702.

[46]A.G. Császár, W.D. Allen and H.F. Schaefer III, J. Chem. Phys. 108 (1998) 9751-9764.

[47]R. M. Balabin, J. Chem. Phys. 132 (2010) 211103.

[48]G. Venkatasami, J. R. Sowa, Analytica Chimica Acta 665 (2010) 227-230.

[49]C.M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer (2007).

[50]V.N. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York (1995).

[51]S.R. Amendolia, G. Cossu, M.L. Ganadu, B. Golosio, G.L. Masala, G.M. Mura, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 69 (2003) 13-20.

[52]U. Thissen, M. Pepers, B. Ustun, W.J. Melssen, L.M.C. Buydens, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 73 (2004) 169-179.

[53]F. Chauchard, R. Cogdill, S. Roussel, J.M. Roger, V. Bellon-Maurel, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 71 (2004) 141-150.

[54]U. Thissen, Bulent Ustun, W.J. Melssen, L.M.C. Buydens, Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 3099-3105.

[55]R. M. Balabin, J. Chem. Phys. 132 (2010) 231101.

[56]R. M. Balabin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 (2010) 5980.

[57]R.M. Balabin, “The First Step in Glycine Solvation: The Glycine-Water Complex” J. Phys. Chem. B (2011) in press. doi: 10.1021/jp107539z.

[58]X. Liu, G. Jia, C. Wu, K.g Wang and X. Wu, Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 18 (2010) 113-120.

[59]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Determination of melamine and cyanuric acid residues in infant formula using LC-MS/MS; http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼frf/lib4421.htm.

[60]R. M. Balabin, E. I. Lomakina, J. Chem. Phys. 131 (2009) 074104.

[61]K. Ai, Y. Liu and L. Lu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 9496-9497.

International Journal of Education and Management Engineering (IJEME)