With the massive inflation of newly developed technologies, recourse to data has become a necessity in light of the current inflation and excessive need dominating the world and developed societies. According to the control of millions of smart devices and sensors connected to an interconnected and controlled automated system within installed scales due to the services provided by IOT devices through the created fog layer that connects the cloud centers and those devices, in addition, very large amounts of that data including public and private are passed through the connection of Internet of Things devices to each other. Smart and advanced networks as one of the fog computing applications play a prominent and accurate role in the infrastructure for reliable and sound data transmission. Accordingly, the process of data aggregation is an important and common matter in the world of fog-enhancing Internet of Things, so preserving the privacy of that data is a matter of concern, and based on this principle, we propose in this paper a model for data aggregation that maintains privacy using a foggy computing environment called PPFDA (privacy preserving based- fog computing data aggregation). We use in our scheme DF homomorphic cryptosystem as it consider one of the aggregation models that ensures the privacy purpose. The theoretical results and analyzes show that our design is ensuring the privacy of data during collection using an algorithm of DF. The results confirm that the proposed scheme achieves security and privacy purposes in modern network systems for the Internet of things based in fog computing. In addition, it contributes significantly to the efficient performance of storage operations.

The primary aim of a cognitive radio (CR) system is to optimize spectrum usage by exploiting the existing spectrum holes. Nevertheless, the success of cognitive radio technology is significantly threatened by the primary user emulation attack (PUEA). A rogue secondary user (SU) known as the primary user emulator (PUE) impersonates a legitimate primary user (PU) in a PUEA, thereby preventing other SUs from accessing the spectrum holes. Which leads to the decrease in quality of service (QoS), connection undependability, degraded throughput, energy depletion, and the network experiences a deterioration in its overall performance. In order to alleviate the impact of PUEA on Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), it is necessary to detect and isolate the threat agent (PUE) from the network. In this paper, a method for finding and isolating the PUE is proposed. MATLAB simulation results showed that the presence of PUE caused a significant decrease in the throughput of SUs, from to . The throughput was highest at a false alarm (FA) probability of 0.0, indicating no PUE, and decreased as the FA probability increased. At a FA probability of 1, the throughput reached zero, indicating complete takeover of the spectrum by PUE. By isolating the PUE from the network, the other SUs can access the spectrum holes, leading to increased QoS, connection reliability, improved throughput, and efficient energy usage. The presented technique is an important step towards enhancing the security and reliability of CRNs.

This paper encompasses the numerical analysis involved with the Electromagnetic (EM) full-wave simulation tool Advanced Design System (ADS) which uses the Method of Moment (MOM) and Finite Element Method (FEM). MOM is utilized to solve Maxwell’s equations which are transformed into integral equations before discretization and boundary conditions are applied while FEM computes the electrical behavior of the high frequency EM wave distribution, and then analyze the antenna parameters. The main objective is to investigate the effect of reactive loading on the microstrip patch surface which is used to control the behavior of the impedance bandwidth and obtain dual-band frequency operation. The study further examines how the perturbed patch antenna design targets the operating frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz for possible range and speed. The proposed method provides insight into the analysis of the mathematical model employed in attaining the Driving Point Impedance Function (DPF) of the E-patch microstrip patch antenna. This approach was done to quantify the reduction in reflections for improved Radio Frequency (RF) network output.

Throughout the years there has been a crisis for low gain and efficiency in Microstrip patch antennas. Therefore, the microstrip patch antenna was designed for better gain, directivity and efficiency using array configuration of microstrip patch antenna with low dielectric constant at 10.3GHZ resonant frequency. The proposed design is of a triangular shaped patch array and a substrate RT duroid-5880 of dielectric constant 2.2. The results after simulation shows a good return loss, bandwidth around 950Mhz-1Ghz, directivity of 11.4db in a particular direction, gain of 11.4 dB with 99% radiation effect. The design proposed is helpful for applications like military defence and communication purposes.

The advancement of wireless communication technology is growing very fast. For next-generation communication systems (like 5G mobile services), wider bandwidth, high gain, and small-size antennas are very much needed. Moreover, it is expected that the next-generation mobile system will also support satellite technology. Therefore, this paper proposes a slotted star-shaped dual-band patch antenna that can be used for the integrated services of satellite communication and 5G mobile services whose overall dimension is 15×14×1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna operates from 18.764 GHz to 19.775 GHz for K-band satellite communication and 27.122 GHz to 29.283 GHz for 5G (mmWave) mobile services. The resonance frequencies of the proposed antenna are 19.28 GHz and 28.07 GHz having bandwidths of 1.011 GHz and 2.161 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the proposed dual-band patch antenna has a maximum radiation efficiency of 76.178% and a maximum gain of 7.596 dB.