One of the important studies in 6G aerial radio access networks is the propagation channel modeling. The high accurate propagation channel model will save cost and time, and is more effective in the design of the air radio access network system. However, existing channel models are limited to 1 THz, while 6G wireless technology is expected to operate up to 3 THz. In this paper, the propagation channel from 275 GHz to 3 THz is modeled by modifying the Friis equation, and each parameter in the model is described and analyzed analytically. The main factors that contribute to wireless signal attenuation at terahertz, such as atmospheric oxygen and water vapor, rainfall, and cloud factors, are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, the propagation channel calculation App for 6G low-altitude platform access networks application has been built using MATLAB GUI.

Internet of Things is used for those devices, which are connected over a network, once the devices are connected to the internet they are known as smart devices. These devices share information and communicate with each other to influence our day to day lives. Due to the rise in these devices, security is compromised. Malware is malicious software that can damage the computer, server, or network intentionally. Malware can also exploit the confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) triad. Rather than the traditional malware, IoT malware can damage different internet connected devices such as routers, DVRs, CCTV, or many internets connected devices. The IoT devices are more vulnerable due to weak passwords, missing authentication schemes, backdoor entries, lack of high-security algorithms, and plug and play services. There is no widespread survey available about IoT malware in an efficiently organized manner, publicly. In this article, we have classified the IoT malware according to their release and provide on the basis of their functionalities, growth, revolution, and their detection mechanism. We perform DDoS attack on Raspberry PI to hamper the home automation system. We employ Wireshark to monitor network traffic and demonstrate the service unavailability.

In those last decades the Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSNs) have become the commonly explored technology by the scientific community, for the numerous benefits that it can brings to the researchers, however the frequent movement of the underwater sensors due to their mobility or water current factor may severally affect the efficiency of the acoustic wireless communication and reduce it performance. In this paper a Mobility Aware Strategy for Geographical Routing scheme (MAGR-VBF) has been proposed for an early prevention from the mobile sensor during the packet transmission, the protocol is aimed to predict the mobility and switch to another candidate sensor enable to recover the data packet in order to mitigate the packet loss problem. Based on the well-known routing protocol for the UWSNs ‘Vector Based Forwarding’ (VBF) the proposed study has been implemented and designed using the NS-2 simulator and Aqua-Sim. The result has shown that the presented work (MAGR-VBF) has brings a good performance over the basic VBF, where the energy consumption and the average end to end delay have been reduced by 8.97 % and 5.55 % respectively, and an average of 6.16 % has been increased of packet delivery ratio metric.

Software-Defined Networking is a network framework that involves in separating a network’s control functions from its data forwarding functions, centralizing its intelligence, and abstraction its underlying architecture from applications and services. Hybrid Software-Define Networking is a framework which supports both the legacy protocols and the Software Defined Networking protocols to operate in the same environment.  In this paper, we present an efficient technique for finding the shortest path between any two nodes in Hybrid SDN by reducing the complicated network topology to a basic topology while taking hop count into account. In the suggested proposal, a subgraph is generated from a complicated network, and the best path is found using a modified Bellman-Ford method, which saves time. The emulation test bed in Mininet was established for various numbers of nodes, and the results were analysed. The modified Bellman-Ford algorithm selects the optimal path between the two nodes. For networks with different numbers of nodes, the proposed approach offered a significant increase in the TCP throughput when compared with that of Spanning Tree Protocol. The number of packets received by the SDN controller is less with the proposed work. This increases TCP throughput by reducing the broadcast packets. 

In this article, we propose a novel concept of using an existing cellular network to find the location of animals living in outdoor environments. The proposed method has simplified hardware architecture which can be implemented at a meager cost. Moreover, the sensors communicate with existing cellular networks, which will reduce the implementation cost.  The proposed system consists of a SIM 900 GSM module, a BMP280 pleasure sensor, and a battery as a wearable device that can warn the animal. The wearable device will send the real-time pressure values of the animal. In the proposed model, the pressure value, radial distance of transmitter fixed at the animal, and direction of the electromagnetic waves are used to calculate the real-time coordinates of the animals. The received pressure value and the radial distance will be used to calculate the location using this proposed model. The proposed model parameters' error was analyzed and simulated using suitable probability density distributions, and results were presented.