A Secure Network for Streamlined and High-Performance Consensus Algorithm based on Blockchain Technology

Full Text (PDF, 381KB), PP.11-22

Views: 0 Downloads: 0

Author(s)

Deven A Gol 1,* Nikhil Gondaliya 2,3

1. Computer Science Engineering, The CVM University, Anand, Gujarat 388120, India

2. Computer/IT Engineering, The CVM University

3. Department of Information Technology, GCET Engineering College, V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat 388120, India

* Corresponding author.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5815/ijwmt.2023.05.02

Received: 22 Feb. 2023 / Revised: 5 Apr. 2023 / Accepted: 20 May 2023 / Published: 8 Oct. 2023

Index Terms

Lightning Network, 51% attack, Streamlined and High-Performance Consensus Algorithm (SHP), Blockchain, Consensus Mechanism

Abstract

The blockchain technology has been widely adopted for various applications due to its decentralization, transparency, and security features. Consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), are fundamental components of blockchain technology, ensuring the integrity and validity of the blockchain network. However, the current consensus algorithms face challenges such as scalability, energy consumption, and security threats. To address these challenges, a new secure network for streamlined and high-performance consensus algorithm based on blockchain technology has been proposed. This new network incorporates the advantages of PoW and PoS, resulting in a hybrid consensus algorithm that is more efficient and secure than the existing algorithms. Additionally, the new network utilizes a dynamic sharding mechanism to improve scalability, reducing the overall processing time of transactions. The simulation results help identify potential vulnerabilities and inefficiencies in the consensus algorithm. Optimal combinations of block interval and propagation delay are determined based on specific use cases, balancing high throughput with security and consensus stability. The study also validates the security of Proof-of-Work (PoW) by comparing the fraction of generated blocks with the expected blocks based on miners' hashing power. This study establishes a foundation for future improvements in consensus algorithms, contributing to their evolution and facilitating the implementation of blockchain applications in various domains such as finance, healthcare, supply chain management, and more. The proposed solution aims to provide a more robust and efficient blockchain platform that can handle a higher volume of transactions while maintaining its security features.

Cite This Paper

Deven A Gol, Nikhil Gondaliya, "A Secure Network for Streamlined and High-Performance Consensus Algorithm based on Blockchain Technology", International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies(IJWMT), Vol.13, No.5, pp. 11-22, 2023. DOI:10.5815/ijwmt.2023.05.02

Reference

[1]F. Gai, C. Grajales, J. Niu, M. M. Jalalzai, and C. Feng, “A Secure Consensus Protocol for Sidechains,” Jun. 2019, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.06490.
[2]F. Z. Da N Costa and R. J. G. B. De Queiroz, “A Blockchain Using Proof-of-Download,” in Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, Nov. 2020, pp. 170–177, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00028.
[3]K. M. Giannoutakis et al., “A Blockchain Solution for Enhancing Cybersecurity Defence of IoT,” in Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, Nov. 2020, pp. 490–495, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00071.
[4]N. Shi, “A new proof-of-work mechanism for bitcoin,” Financ. Innov., vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, doi: 10.1186/s40854-016-0045-6.
[5]J. Sousa, A. Bessani, and M. Vukolic, “A byzantine Fault-Tolerant ordering service for the hyperledger fabric blockchain platform,” Proc. - 48th Annu. IEEE/IFIP Int. Conf. Dependable Syst. Networks, DSN 2018, no. 1, pp. 51–58, 2018, doi: 10.1109/DSN.2018.00018.
[6]N. Elisa, L. Yang, F. Chao, and Y. Cao, “A framework of blockchain-based secure and privacy-preserving E-government system,” Wirel. Networks, vol. 0, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11276-018-1883-0.
[7]S. Zhang and J. H. Lee, “Analysis of the main consensus protocols of blockchain,” ICT Express, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 93–97, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.icte.2019.08.001.
[8]A. K. Samanta, B. B. Sarkar, and N. Chaki, “A Blockchain-Based Smart Contract Towards Developing Secured University Examination System,” J. Data, Inf. Manag., 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42488-021-00056-0.
[9]G. T. Nguyen and K. Kim, “A survey about consensus algorithms used in Blockchain,” J. Inf. Process. Syst., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 101–128, 2018, doi: 10.3745/JIPS.01.0024.
[10]S. J. Alsunaidi and F. A. Alhaidari, “A survey of consensus algorithms for blockchain technology,” 2019 Int. Conf. Comput. Inf. Sci. ICCIS 2019, pp. 1–6, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICCISci.2019.8716424.
[11]S. M. H. Bamakan, A. Motavali, and A. Babaei Bondarti, “A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms performance evaluation criteria,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 154, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113385.
[12]L. Marchesi, M. Marchesi, and R. Tonelli, “ABCDE -Agile Block Chain dApp engineering,” arXiv, vol. 1, no. 1–2, p. 100002, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100002.
[13]Y. Yu et al., “A blockchain-based decentralized security architecture for Iot,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1–8, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jii.2018.07.004.
[14]Q. N. Tran, B. P. Turnbull, H.-T. Wu, A. J. S. de Silva, K. Kormusheva, and J. Hu, “A Survey on Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Systems (PPBS) and a Novel PPBS-Based Framework for Smart Agriculture,” IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 72–84, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ojcs.2021.3053032.
[15]W. Dai, D. Xiao, H. Jin, and X. Xie, “A Concurrent optimization consensus system based on blockchain,” 2019 26th Int. Conf. Telecommun. ICT 2019, pp. 244–248, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICT.2019.8798836.
[16]L. S. Sankar et al., “A Global Road Map for Ceramic Materials and Technologies: Forecasting the Future of Ceramics, International Ceramic Federation - 2nd International Congress on Ceramics, ICC 2008, Final Programme,” A Glob. Road Map Ceram. Mater. Technol. Forecast. Futur. Ceram. Int. Ceram. Fed. - 2nd Int. Congr. Ceram. ICC 2008, Final Program., 2008.
[17]C. Faria and M. Correia, “BlockSim: Blockchain simulator,” in Proceedings - 2019 2nd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2019, Jul. 2019, pp. 439–446, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain.2019.00067.
[18]M. Alharby and A. van Moorsel, “BlockSim: An Extensible Simulation Tool for Blockchain Systems,” Front. Blockchain, vol. 3, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.00028.
[19]J. Polge, S. Ghatpande, S. Kubler, J. Robert, and Y. Le Traon, “BlockPerf: A Hybrid Blockchain Emulator/Simulator Framework,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 107858–107872, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3101044.
[20]S. Kirrane and C. Di Ciccio, “BlockConfess: Towards an Architecture for Blockchain Constraints and Forensics,” in Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, Nov. 2020, pp. 539–544, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00078.
[21]I. Shahzad et al., “Blockchain-based green big data visualization: BGbV,” Complex Intell. Syst., 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40747-021-00466-y.
[22]S. Kirrane and C. Di Ciccio, “BlockConfess: Towards an Architecture for Blockchain Constraints and Forensics,” Proc. - 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, pp. 539–544, 2020, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00078.
[23]K. Gai, J. Guo, L. Zhu, and S. Yu, “Blockchain Meets Cloud Computing: A Survey,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 2009–2030, 2020, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2020.2989392.
[24]W. Zhao, C. Jiang, H. Gao, S. Yang, and X. Luo, “Blockchain-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems: A Review,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 4023–4034, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3014864.
[25]R. C. Lunardi, M. Alharby, H. C. Nunes, A. F. Zorzo, C. Dong, and A. Van Moorsel, “Context-based consensus for appendable-block blockchains,” in Proceedings - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, Nov. 2020, pp. 401–408, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain50366.2020.00058.
[26]G. Wang, Z. Shi, M. Nixon, and S. Han, “ChainSplitter: Towards blockchain-based industrial IoT architecture for supporting hierarchical storage,” Proc. - 2019 2nd IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Blockchain 2019, pp. 166–175, 2019, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain.2019.00030.
[27]J. He, G. Wang, G. Zhang, and J. Zhang, “Consensus mechanism design based on structured directed acyclic graphs,” Blockchain Res. Appl., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 100011, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100011.
[28]X. Yuan, F. Luo, M. Z. Haider, Z. Chen, and Y. Li, “Efficient Byzantine Consensus Mechanism Based on Reputation in IoT Blockchain,” Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/9952218.
[29]S. N. G. Gourisetti, M. Mylrea, and H. Patangia, “Evaluation and Demonstration of Blockchain Applicability Framework,” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag., vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1142–1156, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TEM.2019.2928280.
[30]C. Gupta and A. Mahajan, “Evaluation of Proof-of-Work Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain Networks,” 2020.
[31]N. Lasla, L. Al-Sahan, M. Abdallah, and M. Younis, “Green-PoW: An energy-efficient blockchain Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm,” Comput. Networks, vol. 214, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109118.
[32]M. Khan, S. Imtiaz, G. S. Parvaiz, A. Hussain, and J. Bae, “Integration of Internet-of-Things with Blockchain Technology to Enhance Humanitarian Logistics Performance,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 25422–25436, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3054771.
[33]Z. Zheng, J. Pan, and L. Cai, “Lightweight Blockchain Consensus Protocols for Vehicular Social Networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 5736–5748, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.2974005.
[34]N. Chalaemwongwan and W. Kurutach, “Notice of Removal: State of the art and challenges facing consensus protocols on blockchain,” Int. Conf. Inf. Netw., vol. 2018-Janua, pp. 957–962, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ICOIN.2018.8343266.
[35]L. Hang and D. H. Kim, “Optimal blockchain network construction methodology based on analysis of configurable components for enhancing Hyperledger Fabric performance,” Blockchain Res. Appl., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 100009, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100009.
[36]M. Kuzlu, M. Pipattanasomporn, L. Gurses, and S. Rahman, “Performance analysis of a hyperledger fabric blockchain framework: Throughput, latency and scalability,” Proc. - 2019 2nd IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Blockchain 2019, pp. 536–540, 2019, doi: 10.1109/Blockchain.2019.00003.
[37]C. Fan, S. Ghaemi, H. Khazaei, and P. Musilek, “Performance Evaluation of Blockchain Systems: A Systematic Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. June, pp. 126927–126950, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3006078.
[38]H. Sukhwani, J. M. Martínez, X. Chang, K. S. Trivedi, and A. Rindos, “Performance modeling of PBFT consensus process for permissioned blockchain network (hyperledger fabric),” Proc. IEEE Symp. Reliab. Distrib. Syst., vol. 2017-Septe, pp. 253–255, 2017, doi: 10.1109/SRDS.2017.36.
[39]S. Solat, “RDV: An alternative to proof-of-work and a real decentralized consensus for blockchain,” in BlockSys 2018 - Proceedings of the 1st Blockchain-Enabled Networked Sensor Systems, Part of SenSys 2018, Nov. 2018, pp. 25–30, doi: 10.1145/3282278.3282283.
[40]M. Monti and S. Rasmussen, “RAIN: A Bio-Inspired Communication and Data Storage Infrastructure,” Artif. Life, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 552–557, 2017, doi: 10.1162/ARTL_a_00247.
[41]F. Gai, J. Niu, I. Beschastnikh, C. Feng, and S. Wang, “Scaling Blockchain Consensus via a Robust Shared Mempool,” pp. 1–17, 2022, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.05158.
[42]L. Ge, J. Wang, and G. Zhang, “Survey of Consensus Algorithms for Proof of Stake in Blockchain,” Secur. Commun. Networks, vol. 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/2812526.
[43]D. Marmsoler and L. Eichhorn, “Simulation-Based Analysis of Blockchain Architectures,” Unpublished, no. October, 2018, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19898.44481.
[44]D. K. Tosh, S. Shetty, X. Liang, C. A. Kamhoua, K. A. Kwiat, and L. Njilla, “Security Implications of Blockchain Cloud with Analysis of Block Withholding Attack,” Proc. - 2017 17th IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. Clust. Cloud Grid Comput. CCGRID 2017, pp. 458–467, 2017, doi: 10.1109/CCGRID.2017.111.
[45]A. Hafid, A. S. Hafid, and M. Samih, “Scaling Blockchains: A Comprehensive Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 125244–125262, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007251.
[46]P. Sarkar, S. K. Ghosal, and M. Sarkar, “Stego-chain: A framework to mine encoded stego-block in a decentralized network,” J. King Saud Univ. - Comput. Inf. Sci., no. xxxx, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.11.034.
[47]Y. Xu and Y. Huang, “Segment blockchain: A size reduced storage mechanism for blockchain,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 17434–17441, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966464.
[48]A. Aldweesh, M. Alharby, M. Mehrnezhad, and A. van Moorsel, “The OpBench Ethereum opcode benchmark framework: Design, implementation, validation and experiments,” Perform. Eval., vol. 146, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.peva.2020.102168.
[49]A. H. Sodhro, S. Pirbhulal, M. Muzammal, and L. Zongwei, “Towards Blockchain-Enabled Security Technique for Industrial Internet of Things Based Decentralized Applications,” J. Grid Comput., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 615–628, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10723-020-09527-x.
[50]Z. Bao, Q. Wang, W. Shi, L. Wang, H. Lei, and B. Chen, “When blockchain meets SGX: An overview, challenges, and open issues,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 170404–170420, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3024254.