A SMC for the ball-on-sphere system was designed in this work. The mathematical system’s model was first derived and a SMC was designed. Then, Lyapunov’s method was used to test for the convergence on the sliding surface, and convergence of the system's states to the sliding surface was guaranteed. To reduce chattering, a super twisting SMC was designed. A controller that is linear was first given to the system and the simulation results showed that, while there is disturbance, achieving origin’s asymptotic stability is not viable. A SMC was then applied next, while there is disturbance, origin’s asymptotic stability was attained in finite-time. Then a 2nd order SMC was applied and the results showed faster origin’s asymptotic stability in finite time. Therefore, the real effect of applying a 2nd order SMC is faster asymptotic stability of the origin1. To reduce chattering, a ST SMC was applied and the chattering was observed to be reduced efficiently.

Expansive soils are the soils that expand when comes in contact with water and shrinks when the water within them gets evaporates. These soil are treated as problematic soils for various construction activities hence there is an essential to improve its strength against load effects and also to alter their behaviour against moisture conditions. This review aimed to study the behaviour of expansive soil stabilized using various natural and industrial processed materials such as cement, polymer, lime, rice husk ash, stone dust, fly ash, coir fiber and its pith, jute, bagasse ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The paper covers the discussion on experimental test results of black cotton soil conducted by various researchers. The tests being basic geotechnical properties, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength test (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), etc., are presented.

The use of automation is emerging with the help of internet providing possibility of objects to work it-self. With recent advancements to the fast speed internet, IoT will be playing a vital role in our daily tasks in present and future. IoT is offering feasibility and effectiveness to the system that are based upon it. These modern technologies are creating comfort and standard way of living because of its time, energy and cost efficiency. In this modern world, where things are going to be on our finger tips, our daily household appliances will also be controlled with our smartphones. This will allow us to manage the usage smartly, and can help in building of an eco-friendly environment. This paper will conduct a study based on how household appliances may be automated smartly with software applications that are integrated with hardware board. It presents the complete architecture of the system with its working capabilities. Also, it explains the internal mechanism of the system which mainly considers the software application and hardware board interaction. As we know the smart home automation is a costly process, so in this paper we would be looking at its low-cost implementation.

There is a substantial increase in the number of people getting affected by Parkinson Disease at the current scenario. Hence there is a critical need of support to such patients, as engineers it is our duty to ensure their needs as fulfilled. This paper basically proposes few models and prototypes that would bring a ray of hope in the patient’s life. Here authors have proposed a supportive solution to this disorder. Basically our model uses a Nano board as the black box to which we provide the inputs and also we ensure the stabilizing in the form of tremor nullifying effect by using gyroscope, accelerometer and light weighted servo motors. In the present methodology self-stabilizing is done using servos using data provided to them by the gyro via a controller. Experimental analysis when carried out on different weight or object as an input on the spoon, designed model clearly depicts the decrease in the peak of tremor. The flexibility in the design basically refers to the all in one holder which is incorporated in the apex of the prototype, which aids the patient to not only use it is as a spoon, but also can be used to operate a key or any other objects by easily fitting it to the self-stabilizing device.

The domestication of cost-effective, green, and sustainable building materials is significant towards its massive adoption in the developing countries. The feasibility of developing porous ceramics for cost-effective thermal insulation of buildings was explored in this study using waste materials including granite shifting and sawdust as well as chemical reagents including water glass and sodium hydroxide. Granite shifting and sawdust were dried, processed into powdered form, milled and sieved. Samples of porous ceramics were formulated using varying percentages by weight of granite shifting and sawdust mixed with a constant percentage by weight of water glass and sodium hydroxide in three different cases. The homogenized powder of the formulated composition was uniaxially pressed at 10Mpa. The samples were dried and then sintered in a gas kiln at 8500C for 3 hours. The result revealed water absorption (21.1−56.5%), compressive strength (1.2−7.9Mpa), bulk density (1.44−1.81g/cm3), apparent porosity (38.1−81.3%), and thermal conductivity (0.13−0.54W/m.K). These results indicated that the obtained porous ceramics is a potential material for cost-effective thermal insulation of buildings where a suitable combination of thermal conductivity, porosity, and mechanical strength is required.